The Men of Nancy Drew Games Pt. 1 of 3

 Nancy Drew from the Herinteractive games encounters many men during her travels. Some are a bit cringy, depending on your perspective on her age and the situation of the case. Some are highly cringy. Let's dive into that topic.

 Courtesy of Tumblr

We're going to go through the men of Nancy Drew games and rate them on cringy-ness. The rating system will work like this; 1 is no trace of cringe and 10 is cringe to max. These are my opinions, ladies and gents, so please feel free to comment your opinions and please respect mine. I will state reasons for every man. This does not include Ned, Frank, or Joe because they are constant characters and don't depend on the case at hand. I also don't intend to do phone contacts.

This contains mild spoilers, fellow gamers and blog readers, so please read at your own risk if you haven't played any of these. You have been warned. I will not culprit reveal directly.

Secrets Can Kill 

 The original and the remake have the same characters, minus one. I am including both under this umbrella. 

Daryl Gray - He is a flirt. He is more attractive in 2D than 3D, but the rating remains the same. He is at least closer to Nancy's age than some of the other men, keep in mind, so it depends entirely on how loyal you are to Ned. I am a loyal girl, so I give him a 3 to 5 because he still flirts despite knowing of Ned's existence. 

Hal Tanaka - Hal doesn't flirt with Nancy, doesn't do anything but study, and his only flaw is cheating on an essay. 1 is his rating because he does nothing to deserve anything above that. 

Hulk Sanchez - He is a "typical jock" that gets annoyed when you keep asking questions. He does begin to flirt with you, but gets put out with you after you start asking questions about jake. This sounds at least realistic to someone who isn't the sharpest knife in the drawer.  He's a 2, only because he's a bit of a stereotype.

Detective Beech - He is an 8, mostly because he is so obviously not who he says he is. He also has a hissy fit over losing something, causing Daryl to think he's less than okay. I won't say more about him, but he's definitely not who he says he is. 

Stay Tuned for Danger 

Rick Arlen - Rick is older than Nancy. He actively flirts with her, as well. He's kind of gross to me. "Stay beautiful" is the line that my husband jokes about when we talk about iconic lines in herinteractive games. He's a 10 on my cringe meter, but a negative 10 on physical attraction.

Dwayne Powers - He shows up in a later game and I'll only reference him here because giving that information is a spoiler already. He is a wildly unbalanced man who thinks life is a soap opera. 10, straight up 10. 

Ralph the security guard - He's aces. We love him. 1 because he has no cringe at all. 

Message in a Haunted Mansion

Charlie Murphy - He's a student secretly living in the mansion and working on renovations. I like him and find no fault in him at all. He's easily a 1. 

Louis Chandler - He owns Chandler interiors and was brought on by Rose. He leaves his laptop on with the least protection I've ever seen. He's a 2, only because he gets mad at you for reading a book he tried to hide, a book that you could have easily found before he did. 

Treasure in the Royal Tower

Dexter Egan - He sends you to do what he should be doing, gets a bit upset when you ask him to fix your radiator, but otherwise is a great, helpful man. He gets you into the tower, so he's a 1. 

Jacques Brunais - If you look for it, he will flirt slightly, even though he has a fiance. Long story short, 5. He gets insanely mad when you get hit on the head and lose his medallion. He isn't nice. 

The Final Scene

Brady Armstrong - Mr. "Wholesomely smoldering" is about a 9, only because he doesn't flirt with Nancy. On the other hand, he also mucks up her investigation and is sickeningly obsessed with his public image. Not to mention he turns out to be more connected to the theatre than you think. I won't say more.

Nicholas Falcone - He is a supremely helpful human being that actually helps you find evidence of previous ownership. I have nothing to cringe about. He is an activist that is on the scene to save the theatre. He's an ally, not the enemy, so he's a 1. 

Joseph Hughes - Sweet, sweet Joseph, who doesn't turn out to be so balanced in the head, has nothing to lose. His brother, whom he claims to be starting a movie theatre with later, is dead. He's a 2 to 3 for the sole reason that he keeps throwing a monkey wrench into proving credibility with the police. That and something I will hold back on telling you. 

Secret of the Scarlet Hand

 Courtesy of Youtube

Henrik Van Der Hune - He is slightly strange after he falls from the temple exhibit, but otherwise fine. He literally hands you the information you need to solve the game in his computer files. He's the most helpful character in the entirety of the museum. 1 is his rating. 

Alejandro del Rio - He uses you to get Joanna fired. He's withheld vital information in order to get a copy of a file. He's a jerk. For that reason, he's a 5. 

Taylor Sinclair - "Want a cookie? They're from Oaxaca!" He wears a tie that could hypnotize any human being. Also, other reasons that I won't say.  9 is his rating. 

Ghost Dogs of Moon Lake

Red Knott - He shows up in the yard making bird calls. Otherwise, he's fine. While he has no patience for people, I don't blame him for that. He's a 2, only because of the bird noises and bird pictures. 

Jeff Akers - Mr. give-you-a-ticket-for-nearly-burning-to-death is a rule enforcer to the end. He desperately tries to hide that his family worked for Malone. He's a 3 because of the shed incident and his love for giving tickets. 

Haunted Carousel

Elliot Chen - The hopeless procrastinator is the artist for the park. He is behind in his work and loves questions because they give him an excuse to take a break. He's a 2 to 3 due to his general vibe and "dark aura".

Harlan Bishop - He's the security guard that is on parole. He's a good dude, except for wanting the private code to Ingrid's workshop. For this, he is a 2 to 3. 

Danger on Deception Island

Holt Scotto - He's running for harbor master. He doesn't like when you hang around the lighthouse. At the end of the day he's helpful, though he calls you "girly" at least once. He's a 1.

Andy Jason - He is all about whaling and his business. He's a 2 because he doesn't seem to care about anything but his business.

Secret of Shadow Ranch

Dave Gregory - Basically, he's into Nancy and he's nice. He's a 1. 

Tex Britten - He can't say anything but "no" at times. He's the head wrangler, so he takes care of the horses. He keeps giving you chores, too. He's a 2 because he keeps giving you chores.

Shorty Thurmond - Well, he's a 7. He isn't a good singer and isn't known for good food. He also has other reasons I won't speak of. 

Courtesy of Pinterest

For the next ten ratings please stay tuned until next week and "Stay Beautiful!"

Sources:

Nancy Drew | Nancy Drew Wiki | Fandom

List of Nancy Drew video games - Wikipedia

differences in game audience

The game audience is extremely important when it comes to marketing. Age of player and maturity really does factor into this, since a seven-year-old is not going to be playing FNAF or Portal with too much success, nor is a 38-year-old going to find any challenge in a Reader Rabbit game. This is why the rating of a game matters. 

Courtesy of mll.fi

You truly do need to know what you are playing when you buy any form of videogame. The rating system is built for that purpose, so little kids don't pick up a game like Grand Theft Auto or Phasmophobia. It ranges from EC (early childhood) to AO (adults only). Understandably, parents and anyone who doesn't want pornographic content care about this rating system. 

Game designers also consider audience age and maturity during the design process. This looks like hint systems built into games aimed at everyone and kids, as well as no hint systems in Portal and many horror games. Yes, hints can be built in for all ages, but adult-aged games generally don't hand the answer to you on a silver platter. You can go online for some of that help. Long story short, kids will have hints obviously stated (Nancy Drew games on Junior level or early Nancy Drew games) while Portal leaves you all by your lonesome to figure it out. Before the internet, some players couldn't finish a game without buying a strategy guide. Now we have them abundantly (as long as the game has been released at least a few months).

Adult themes can show up in games such as Herinteractive's Nancy Drew series. However, they are subtly placed so the player themselves can put the pieces together. Most horror games do this. Ghost of Thornton Hall is like this. You see, younger players may not find it or put the ideas fully together, while the adults will find it. It makes a game playable for younger audiences, yet enjoyable for adults. Nancy Drew games are playable and enjoyable for adults and kids - especially since the audience is either growing up or adults playing with their kids. 

The Rating System Explained

Here's a breakdown of what each rating means, for reference. 

EC - Early childhood, ages 3 plus, no crude content

E - Everyone, ages 6 plus, some crude content and a variety of mischief/comic slapstick

T- Teen, ages 13 plus, violence and language and suggestive themes

M - Mature, ages 17 plus, mature sexual themes and more intense Teen category

AO- Adults only, ages 18 plus, graphic depictions of sex and violence

RP - Rating pending, rating on the way

As you can all see, this gives you a sense of what gameplay will bring you. E is the most common rating that you see in a public space. Most everyone can enjoy that game and find it fun. Parents have an active responsibility. You ultimately pay for the game as a parent by giving an allowance or directly shopping with your kids. Parents have control over what can and can't be played. While it is true some kids will hide the games and play them while their parents are not home, parents need to be paying attention to the rating systems. There is no law to make it illegal to sell kids games above their age range. Parents are solely responsible for making that judgment call. Just because everyone has it does not mean your child should. Your young child may not be mature enough to understand what is and isn't real or appropriate behavior. AOs are also rare, so keep in mind they are not going to be displayed in public for both public decency and rarity reasons. 

Hint Systems

Kids need more obvious hint systems. Plain and simple. Common sense does not always allow a young child to know what to do next. On the other side of things, I could solve some puzzles in seconds without help somehow and struggle with them in adulthood. How? The world may never know. Also, kids don't overthink like adults. Either way, Nancy in the Herineractive games may state the terribly obvious next step because the game is suggested for ages 10 and up. Junior and Senior mode allows challenge options and less hints to those who don't want the easier puzzles. This easily makes it an E game for all ages (and I mean all ages, looking at the fanbase). 

Courtesy of blogspot.com
Bulletin board code from Secrets Can Kill Remastered

I talk about Portal 1 and 2 because no hint system exists. Truly. None. You need help? Consult Youtube or a walkthrough. I don't see young kids doing well with this game. My husband didn't beat this alone. It requires a gamer who thinks way outside the box. Some kids might do decently on it, if I'm thinking about the gifted kids who need more challenge, but the average kid will inevitably get quite frustrated and potentially stop playing. This was aimed at adults, based on the dialogue as well. The main AI is rather mean-spirited and not friendly. 

Good hint systems shouldn't give you the answer on a silver platter unless it is necessary and you can't beat it without beating your head on the wall. Again, later Nancy Drews do this well by providing a hint system that gives smaller hints, then the solution if you're desperate. You can call people for hints in some games. Bottom line, the solution can't be found in the hint system by accident. Small nudges within the game dialogue or even in the setting can also be good to set up. If a portrait on the wall can show you half the solution to the puzzle box in the corner it gives the player a push in the right direction. Kids may need a more on-the-nose hint, yet I still think it depends on the kid in question as to how much they need. No matter what, kids' games are more direct with hints. 

Adult Themes

Here comes the dialogue and plotline of the game. Adult themes can be dark and subtle or in your face. A graphic sex scene is not subtle, but a rumpled bed and a pack of condoms on the dresser are less blatant-ish (especially if you see it, but don't get a verbal confirmation of it). Subtle hints that have to be noticed through the player exploring are wonderful for making the player put together the entire situation. This is how you can hide a darker plotline in a lighter one. Rather than showing graphic images and verbal confirmation, you can put a journal page or two scattered around the house to reveal what happened.

Courtesy of Pinterest

Thornton Hall, again, does this with a note in the basement. No one speaks of it. Not one question can be asked through Nancy about it. Yet, some theorize that Clara not being told who her daddy is and that note are connected, leading to the conclusion that her father was an older relative of hers (incest, if you don't catch my meaning). The subtle clues scattered in games give backstory. Game theorists feed off this type of explorative storytelling, which makes players want to explore it all before progressing the game. 

Adult-only games don't bother with subtle anything. You don't have to tap-dance around players who aren't mature enough to get it. I find these to be graphic games I don't play. Pornographic content is stuffed into these games, which is why AO is a rare rating. Pornography is plentiful online, I know, but yet AO is rare for a game to receive. I don't have to say what these contain, most likely, given these are feeding fantasies that probably shouldn't be fed. 

Sources:

Video Game Rating System (childdevelopmentinfo.com)

Video Game Content Ratings: Does Anyone Care Anymore? | The Artifice (the-artifice.com)

What makes a good hint system? (getpostcurious.com)

Mirage : A character study

When I watched The Incredibles (the first one, for clarification purposes) I looked at Mirage as someone who might not have been fully down with the plan. Is it possible she did the bidding of Syndrome under romantic pressure? Was she used by Syndrome to get to Mr. Incredible and did he create a relationship to do so exclusively? 

Courtesy of Tumblr

While she is definitely guilty of helping Syndrome murder Supers, what I want to know is her motivation. She was down to do all the dirty work of Syndrome, but why? She clearly wasn't in it to murder children based on her reaction to Mrs. Incredible/Elastigirl declaring there were children on the plane. Obviously, she was only signed up to kill the Supers they were targeting. Syndrome shows how unbalanced and sociopathic he truly is, even letting her be potentially snapped in half by a furious Mr. Incredible. You'll note that this is when she snaps back on Syndrome and literally undoes all the work she did to lure Mr. Incredible to the island. This points to her motivation being directly connected to Syndrome himself. 

I used to think Syndrome killed her, but given that Syndrome left the island and then got betrayed by his own cape I think that's quite impossible. He was never aware that he was betrayed by Mirage. It is no longer a mystery to me what she did. I honestly think she left the island and ran off somewhere. Comics say she works for the NSA. We'll never know where she went in between because she's too good at espionage. Long story short, I do think that Syndrome could have killed her if the plot had let him return to the island, but the plot of the story never had him return. Capes were truly a bad idea. 

Evidence of Romantic Connection

Body language is one of the keys to catching a romance in the air. He takes her by the chin early on. You don't usually do that when you are just friends. Either Syndrome or Mirage wants it to be more and it isn't, or it was a romantic connection and she's seeing through him. She shoves Syndrome away from Mr. Incredible to save him. Again, the betrayal timing happens after she learns he doesn't care about killing children or her life. It may have been developing as time went on. The video below is a theory (one that some agree and disagree on) that may also explain why she'd even work for him. Some people think he had psych-related powers and was working for the US government on the sly, which may be where Mirage came in. 

What I've found is that Mirage does have a romance blooming with Syndrome, until he decides to gamble her life like it was worth less than a penny. It is clear that she sees him as misunderstood, rather than unstable. She has convinced herself he has good qualities and cares about her. This delusion ends the minute he tells Mr. Incredible to go ahead and kill her. She also has some moral lines, allegedly, because she has serious qualms with killing children that aren't her targets. 

Morals and Ambitions

To be sure, we're not looking at a saint. She is guilty of tracking and having a hand in killing Supers. She sees an opportunity for power in Syndrome that shifts slightly as the movie plot continues. Emotion is there, yes, but how much has she already done? Mirage pays for none of her crimes and ends up recruited by the NSA (possibly to make up for her crimes). Maybe she had a choice between the NSA and prison. We'll never know for sure unless someone actually states what happened in future comics or movies. 

An attraction to power is not something that leads down a saintly road. Power is something that gets taken by force and never leaves you on stable ground. It can also blow you in a different direction every time someone you're attached to gets power stripped from them. If the only connection to Syndrome was power, I'd say she undid her hard work against herself, but I don't think that is fully true. Yes, Syndrome had power - a whole island of technology, too -, but he crossed a line by attempting to kill children (which is a principle even some hardened resistance fighters of WWII sometimes maintained). It isn't coming out of left field to say that Syndrome crossed a line by also gambling her life, especially given that there is a romantic element in play. Power was her motive for killing Supers, yet I highly doubt her motive for betraying Syndrome had anything to do with power (unless she did consider he was a bit off-kilter and could be a sinking ship). 

Another possibility that remains is whether Syndrome needed her anymore. She bent to his every whim, found Mr. Incredible and several Supers for him, and yet Syndrome was going to let Mr. Incredible crush her. This reflects that he may have led her on until he had what he wanted. Mr. Incredible was the target he was going for, if I understand him correctly, due to a childhood grudge. He had to wade through several Supers to get there. Now that Syndrome has what he wants, what use is Mirage? She could have seen the red flags and the change in Syndrome after Mr. Incredible was on the island. The real Syndrome comes out for her to see and she may have betrayed him, then run off for the sake of self-preservation. The scene where he gambled her life was proof she was now disposable and she was not going to be treated like a pawn.

Conclusions

All this comes down to three connections to Syndrome, which are power, a romantic relationship, and ambition., She had the ambition to be his second in command, the romance to keep her tied to him, and the attraction to power that kept her working for him. He revealed she was a pawn in his game when he gambled her life, resulting in romantic devastation and the realization that she was now disposable. The motive for the crimes may have been her love for Syndrome and his power, but the motive for her undoing her work was the way he gambled her life and crossed lines for petty revenge purposes. No angels here, ladies and gents, but we do have a smart woman who saw the red flags and ran before he could actually dispose of her. I do believe he could have murdered her along with the other Supers they killed, had he lived to the end of the movie. A sociopathic manipulator like him could have absolutely murdered his second in command (since he'd done it so many times already and had no qualms about killing innocent Supers).

Sources:

 https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Mirage_(The_Incredibles)#:~:text=Mirage%20is%20the%20secondary%20antagonist,to%20pass%20off%20her%20life.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/453245149992616085/

https://the-incredibles.fandom.com/wiki/Mirage

https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/930166

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/movie/the-incredibles/cast/mirage-elizabeth-pea

Censorship in Cartoons and Comics

How much of your cartoons and comics are censored? How much can content creators get away with and publishers let pass to the public? Today we're finding out. 

Courtesy of animatedtimes.com

Comic books have been legitimately censored for a long time. While there is a Marvel Knights category for only adults, the majority of it has to be acceptable to the public to be sold. Horror comics had a real heck of a time due to extensive censoring and not being able to use specific words. Even then, you can open a Green Arrow comic and find a bit more of Black Canary than you bargained for. It almost depends on the artist who made the book, if we're truly honest. Yet, I know that comics have been under specific standards for years. There are R-rated comic books (Deadpool and many more) out there. Some of them are not mainstream. 

As for cartoons, the 1980s and 1990s got a lot past the censors that kids wouldn't have even recognized. Adults, however, can immediately recognize it. I watched a Scooby Doo movie that literally explained Wicca. If you don't know Wicca you'd never have noticed (which none of my family did, so none of us did). Long story short, a lot can get inserted into kids' movies and cartoons that quite possibly shouldn't be there. Like comics, you can also get more than you bargained for. The difference in kids' movies is that it just happens to fly miles over a young child's head and land in the face of the parents. Comics are generally picked up by junior high age and up, making the content less likely to fly over their heads.

I will say this now and be done with it. Yes, pornography has made it into nearly every media form, including cartoons and comics. I will not be focusing on that aspect, but do want to acknowledge that it does exist and needs to be dealt with. 

Comics 

Comic books land all over the board on ratings. There are indeed genres (Marvel Knights, for example) that come with the expectation of less censorship. Moon Knight and Morbius are two examples of Marvel Knights characters, which were marketed to adults so they had to deal with less censoring. Forums online will tell you that plenty of nudity made it into comic books. Test that theory at your own risk. Dark plotlines in Batman tend to show up because of the Joker and several other violent criminals. Green Arrow can't keep his hands off Black Canary - or even finish dinner without losing self-control. There are adults who actually do want to see nude characters (hardly shocking after the pornography business has been so successful) and have talked about this on forums online, though they do think that those comic books should have a marked rating or some way of showing it contains adult content. 

Courtesy of centralrecorder.com

With all that, how can the comics possibly be censored? Well, it depends on what time your comic book was written. There was a time period of moral panic over comic books. McCarthyism (cold war panic) hit comic artists hard. Comics Code said what you could and couldn't put in your book after that point. Good had to win, the government was respected, and no divorce was allowed. Basically, it tied up comic artists and threw some of their creative ideas into the garbage can. It made it so that only kids could enjoy comics (which isn't true anymore). The 1930s to 1950s was a time of war and the cold war, making any comic entertainment that could distract the public a booming business. Look at Captain America and Wonder Woman, who both debuted in 1941. At that point, comics took off, but horror comics were extremely restricted for a long time due to pressure from church groups because parents thought they caused juvenile delinquency. People like Fredric Wertham made comics seem like they were sexually aggressive (though he was misguided) and people followed him. This was about the time Comics Code came about, cutting off the creativity of many artists for years to come. TV trying to take the place of comics didn't help. 

Here is a list of what the Comics Code said:

- a clear line between bad and good (good had to win)  - no sexy or nude images  

- no torture  - no werewolves, vampires, zombies, ghouls   - no slang or vulgar language

- no dealing with race or religious prejudice 

Courtesy of getwallpapers.com

In short, only superheroes really made it through this filter and that is why we see so much of it, instead of romance and western storylines. Batman was changed into the campy, kid-friendly character that inspired the old TV show, instead of the gritty character he'd been and is now. Underground comics came into being as a result of this code. The code's grip loosened as time marched on, but the code truly died when comic artists' publishers decided to sell to comic book stores themselves, dropping distributors and dropping the code on the way. In this way, it does depend on when the book was written, so today you'll see less filtering than you did in 1950. Frankly, you see less censoring as time marches on, anyway. 

Cartoons

There have been many content creators who constantly push the envelope on what they can slip past censors. What you also have to take into account is that adults have to watch movies with their kids. In short, you have to also entertain adults. Animaniacs, Spongebob, Rocko's Modern Life, Victorious, Fairly Odd Parents, Looney Tunes, Icarly, Hey Arnold, Rugrats, Johnny Bravo, Ed, Edd, and Eddy, Powerpuff Girls..... All these shows got adult jokes through the censors - and some did habitually. Rocko's Modern Life was a bunch of adult jokes crammed in with the hope that the censors wouldn't catch it. Half the time, they didn't. You'll notice that the cartoons aimed at adults are not listed here, because adults don't need as much censoring as kids' cartoons do. Go watch some of those shows and count how many times that innuendos made it in. Another notable one is Totally Spies, which I grew up on and own DVDs of. It has been called fetish fuel before (though a kid would never have noticed). I'll let Saberspark explain in the video below. 

Many cartoons have to get past censors to get released. Yes, cartoons got away with a lot (Looney Tunes especially), but there are some cartoons that Disney locked in a vault and you have to sign a paper to watch. Some are kept for historical purposes only, never to be released for public viewing again. The rating system is part of this system, ensuring you know what you are getting into when you put in that movie or turn on your TV. War cartoons got less censoring and it is not consistent, sometimes even hypocritical. War cartoons can sometimes make you cringe a bit. The military got training videos that show nude depictions of women. The thing is that censoring can happen post-production now, as opposed to prior permission after looking at the script. Creators lose some of their content without their permission. Kids' cartoons get this treatment most often. For the most part, we do rely on self-censoring (as parents and adults). What our society censors depends entirely on what our society finds appropriate, which explains why media doesn't always age gracefully. Censoring is also not catching everything, as proven by Rocko's Modern Life. 

Conclusions

What it all boils down to is this; what our society deems appropriate gets broadcasted or published more easily. I have always suspected that the 1950s cold war damaged our society by creating unnecessary rules. I keep finding proof of this in many ways, from gender rules that put us in boxes to rules that keep artists from releasing unique creations. It seems like cartoons didn't suffer as much as comics did. 

It is great advice to watch everything and read everything with your brain turned on. This doesn't mean you can't enjoy it; it simply means that you should know what messages are being broadcasted through your TV and any forms of media. Kids don't do this naturally, so do this for them as a parent. I don't advocate censorship that severely restricted comics into practically one genre, but I do believe there are some things kids shouldn't see. Be aware that censors don't catch everything in your kids' cartoons. Censorship will change with our society's whims. 

 https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/120201/has-any-marvel-or-dc-comic-ever-shown-graphic-nudity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_comics

https://www.herogames.com/forums/topic/26842-nudity-and-sex-in-comics-books/

https://www.vox.com/2014/12/15/7326605/comic-book-censorship

https://the-artifice.com/comic-books-adults-history-stigmatization/

https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2018/04/comic-books-censorship-and-moral-panic/

https://www.oif.ala.org/oif/spider-man-versus-censorship-short-history-comics-code/

Censorship in American Animation Essay Example For Students - 964 words | Artscolumbia

18 Things From Kids' Shows That Got Past Censors (screenrant.com)

24 Filthy Adult Jokes In Cartoons You Completely Missed As A Kid – Page 9 (whatculture.com)

Media Featuring Stay At Home Dads

Media that features stay-at-home dads is out there, from Johnny Test to The Incredibles. There is a movie titled Mr. Mom, as well. Is there still a stigma, or is it becoming more common as we work from home?

Courtesy of 123moviesweb.net

Stay-at-home parents are not uncommon, especially female parents. What we find in Johnny Test is that his dad is doing all the cooking, cleaning, and keeping track (if he even can after all they do) of the kids. He has to make sure the twins don't blow up the house and Johnny doesn't just let them do whatever they want to him (and we know how that works out). For those that don't know the TV show Johnny Test, it doesn't work out well and everything turns to chaos. Also, the mother comes home in a suit and skirt as if she's some sort of lawyer. Realizing that Johnny's dad is a stay-at-home made me wonder just how much representation stay-at-home fathers get in media. Instead, my research led me into the stigmas of being a stay-at-home dad. 

Apparently, people have not gotten past the idea that men can be full-time caregivers. Lining up playdates with groups of other people gets real awkward. You may have to ask ten people to get three or fewer yes answers. Fellow men doing this struggle have trouble finding each other because they aren't all that common. Having a wife that works a job that constantly travels is one reason that men sometimes do this. They take on caregiving full-time to give their wives the freedom to do their jobs well. The reversal of the 1950s idea that men work and women take on the children is uncommon, making the Johnny Test and Mr. Mom situation slightly weird to some people. The fact of the matter is simply this; you can't always have a nanny. When fathers do find each other doing the Mr. Mom, they all get together and have fun in a group. 

When it does appear in media

We see it in Johnny Test, Mr. Mom, and The Incredibles. Where is it also? Anime. Unfortunately, it is sometimes used for comedic relief more than anything. The media pokes fun at men staying home or calls it babysitting. The masculine standard does not often include housework - even today. Now that I think of it, even putting Mr. Test in an apron served as comic relief. All he did was yell, stress, clean the floor, tell the girls not to burn the house down, and make bad meatloaf and/or dinner. He was not portrayed as manly and let his kids walk all over him. Mr. Incredible is different, obviously, because of the superhero he is. Mr. Mom was a comedy movie in the first place, yet it didn't treat the dad like he was any less of a man. Representation is all over the place in interpretation. The Shining features a stay-at-home dad, but given the plot, I'd say that wasn't a great example to follow.

Courtesy of Toonzone

Full House was a situation of a widower. This is not what I'm talking about. I am talking about the choice (without the death of a loved one) to stay home to care for the kids so your spouse can work with flexibility. This can also be the choice to work remotely to stay-at-home parent. Being widowed changes every aspect of your life and the living spouse often has to work to make ends meet, making them unlikely stay-at-homes unless they work remotely.

Film and TV

Aside from cartoons, we have other representations in media. The fact is that this is not common in most cartoons and is more common in other media forms, negative and positive impressions. Here are a few examples of good portrayals in film and TV shows. 

In Army Wives we see one character, Roland Burton, care for his kids while his wife goes into the military. This is not bungled to make him look bad. Instead, they show him being a great father with a strong marriage. 

Again, Mr. Mom is a film that truly shows how hard it is to parent full time. Because the main character Jack has been laid off, his wife ends up working long hours away from home advertising tuna. This is one movie that shows men can be great caregivers full time, even if it wasn't going to be a forever position (because he gets his job back). 

Conclusion

The problem here is that most cases in media are single parents or widowers, which doesn't fit the standard I put for Stay-at-home for this blog. Full House and several others are cases of a spouse dying, leaving no other choice. The 1950s standard of women caring for the kids while men work has not left the building. Sometimes unemployment leaves men at home with kids or they work remotely from home. It's all wrapped up in gender policing and masculinity. While some men do choose to actively care for their kids full time, it isn't supported by others around them all the time. Representation needs to change for the better so men who choose to do so can stay home with their kids. We need to break that 1950s standard to make it acceptable for male child care. 

Courtesy of insider.com
Let's break out of the 1950s - for the sake of men and women!

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/17/619557786/stay-at-home-dads-still-struggle-with-diapers-drool-stigma-and-isolation

https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2014/06/05/growing-number-of-dads-home-with-the-kids/

https://johnnytest.fandom.com/wiki/Hugh_Test#:~:text=Hugh%20Test%20is%20the%20uptight,a%20character%20in%20Johnny%20Test.

https://forums.penny-arcade.com/discussion/176187/the-rarity-of-the-stay-at-home-father-in-media

4 Films and TV Shows That Portray Fatherhood In A Positive Light - HelloFlo

Our Favorite Stay-at-Home Dads in Movies (tvovermind.com)

Stay at Home Dads | Psychology Today

Cartoon Fan Theories

Many fan theories are out there, some of them ludicrously dark and silly and others that make some sense. Today I'm finding a handful or two that don't get much press coverage. I'm avoiding common ones. 

Courtesy of Reelgood.com

Fan theory is just that - theory. It may not be true and writers have debunked some fan theories outright. I found fan theories for shows that some may know or may not know well. I have Dexter's Laboratory, Scooby Doo, Johnny Test, and Garfield. If you don't want your childhood left in ruins you can skip this post if you like. Now that I've warned you about that, we'll start with Scooby Doo.

Scooby Doo

Courtesy of Pinterest

I am avoiding any of the drug-referenced ones because they are so obvious, which include; 

- every episode = bad drug trip     

- addiction to scooby snacks that are drugged   

- Shaggy = pothead

Look at my sources for more details on those fan theories. I am highlighting the ones you don't hear too much about. 

Scooby Gang = Ghosts

Did you ever consider the gang was driving around in purgatory? Neither did I. All the abandoned places and so few people, as well as the fact they never change clothes point to this theory. They allegedly died in a car crash in the van. 

Here is where we all won't sleep at night. I'm so sorry. Skip down if you want to. 

Courtesy of Reddit

Scooby is suggested to be a spirit guide and the only one without sin, thus the only one who can fight off monsters that are actually demons. This theory suggests Shaggy is a drug addict (we all knew that), Fred and Daphne had sex outside of marriage, and Velma might be a lesbian. The idea is that they are all in limbo. You'll never watch Scooby Doo the same way again. I'm so sorry. 

There is a darker version to this one suggesting they are paying for their sins and Scooby is the demon watching over them, and that if they wander too far from the van Scooby unleashes wrath. I choose not to elaborate on that one. You can find that one online with all the rest of these weird theories, so you can look into it if you choose to. 

Economic Trouble In Coolsville

Why everything seems to be run down in the world of Scooby Doo is simple; a horrible economic collapse has left everywhere in tatters. Some suggest the post-depression era is the explanation. So many abandoned places are scattered everywhere and so few people that it actually makes some sense. Why else would so many buildings be left unused and abandoned?

Courtesy of Dread Central

Another layer to this suggests that the villains are always respectable professionals that could have been laid off or let go. They all want money because the world is not hiring even the most hireable. On top of that depressing fact, Shaggy and Scooby generally get excited over every meal and share it, which means they may not be eating as well when they don't come upon one. Shag and Scoob could be starving, ladies and gents, and that makes me genuinely upset. Shaggy is indeed a skinny dude. That could explain why. 

Dodging The Vietnam Draft Board

All the gang come from different social standings and never have a specific direction they are going. They live in the van. They don't stay in one place for too long. Why? Draft Dodging! The time period suggests they didn't want to be drafted for Vietnam. Shaggy was a hippy who may not have believed in war. Fred didn't want to fight and Daphne came with him so they could potentially start a new life elsewhere. Velma may also disagree with the war. 

Do you notice that they never call the police? Yeah, me neither. But it is true. Fred and Shaggy don't want to be shipped off to combat, so why would they want to? Solving the problem themselves is so much simpler when you are dodging draft boards. Maybe their numbers came up and they needed to run from it. 

Courtesy of Mashable

Scooby Knows They Are Being Hunted

What? Scooby is playing dumb? Yep, apparently, he might be. As a dog, I'd bet he could easily discern a human in a costume and a monster with one sniff. Playing dumb makes him less of a threat and better able to fight off those criminals. He's there to protect the gang. He knows they are being targeted by criminals (which explains how many mysteries they find during their travels). He simply doesn't want to tell them what is truly happening. Making himself less of a target by acting scared will enable him to foil the criminals' plans. 

Fred and Shaggy Dating?

There goes your childhood. Yes, some fans think this is true. The slim evidence on this one is that Fred goes home with Shaggy on a Valentine's day episode. He also states that his name is Fred, unless they are dating. Then it is Freddie. Shaggy calls Fred "Freddie" in a later episode. 

Courtesy of Tumblr

The only problem I have with this one is that Daphne calls Fred "Freddie". I'm not sure about this one. It doesn't have as much backing as the other ones I included. The only way this would work is if Daphne were a front. 

Dexter's Laboratory and Johnny Test

Dexter's Laboratory was odd in a Johnny Test sort of way and connects to Johnny Test. I have five theories to go with this one. I could have found more, but the theories for these two get strange quick and don't always add up. 

Dukey Doesn't Belong To Johnny

Courtesy of Youtube

Allegedly Dukey belongs to Gil, but Johnny had a better bond with the dog. It also explains why Gil and Johnny casually know each other, waving as they pass by. They might be better friends than we think because of Dukey. This one is shockingly simple. 

Johnny Test = Prequel Story to Dexter's Laboratory

Johnny's Mom Courtesy of 
hero.wikia.com

This one is a stretch. The mother in Dexter's Laboratory bears a slight resemblance to the mother in Johnny Test, which means it might be one of the Test sisters that had Dexter. Dexter also manages to enable a dog to talk, which is a duplicate experiment of Dukey's speech abilities. It may also explain how Dexter gets all that equipment and is allowed to do what he does. This one is disputed because the mother "doesn't know" about the lab (though I think she does if this theory actually fits the show). It may also be a sequel and Dexter's son may be Johnny. This one is hazy at best. 

Dexter's Mom courtesy of 
dexterslab.wikia.com

Dexter Killed His Family and Recreated Them

I know but bear with me here. The theme includes the words "There's gloom and doom when things go boom". The idea here is that he accidentally killed his family in an explosion and recreated them out of guilt. The line before that gloom and doom line is this: "But Dee Dee blows his experiments to smithereens". Dee Dee messed with something and he blames himself for the whole situation.

Support you say? Let's look at his together. His family isn't the sharpest of knives in the drawer. Given he recreated them they may be that way because they are not actually themselves anymore. He may have made Dee Dee especially dull because her curiosity killed everyone else and herself before. Dexter also decided that she would need to keep her mouth shut, so he made her loyal. He also beefed them up and made them stronger, thus anything going wrong would likely be fixable. He's convinced he's superior to his rival, too, and that may actually be true if he recreated his entire family again. He has cloned people and knows how to handle the nervous system. He can also control aging in clones. When his mother got sick he was terribly confused - as if he'd made a mistake in her wiring. It makes some sense. 

Johnny Test is Johnny Bravo's Illegitimate Son

Again, these really reach and may not even fit the storyline. Johnny Test has next to nothing in common with his sisters and acts like arrogant Johnny Bravo. Plus, his overworked mother and stressed father have little time for romance. Was there an affair somewhere? Johnny Bravo is blonde, after all. The other option is that the sisters stole a piece of Johnny Bravo's hair and cloned Johnny, thus Johnny 

Test could be a test clone of Johnny Bravo. 

Johnny Bravo can also do a whipcrack sound and Johnny Test does it as well (though in a less controlled way). 

Johnny's Father Hallucinates Everything

I can't find much on this one, but I suppose it could make sense. Johnny Test's father could have been living alone and divorced, losing the kids and Dukey in the process. He's always yelling because he's always angry about the situation. He could have realized he was doing everything in the home, pulled a lawsuit, and lost. The idea that the neighbors don't really interfere fits in with this. They are trying to let him work all this out himself, but they do know he's off his rocker. It explains why the neighborhood doesn't question much. 

The Garfield Theory

This one is downright awful and depressing. Garfield in 6 comic strips wakes up to an abandoned house, wills the happy home back and continues on. What if Garfield was starving alone in a house? Yes, I know, let out all those cries of horror. This is the worst theory I've ever found. Worse than the purgatory Scooby Doo theory. It explains itself. It explains why he's obsessed with food. 

Courtesy of TV Tropes and Jim Davis

 

He's either dead or insane is what it comes down to. Also, Jim Davis denies this one. This is not a confirmed theory by any stretch, and thank God that it isn't! We can all breathe again, ladies and gents. Garfield is not abandoned, nor is he starving. He is loved and fed by John and accompanied by Odie. He is okay. 

Sources:

 https://diply.com/c/118381/cartoon-conspiracy-fan-theories

https://aminoapps.com/c/cartoon/page/blog/the-johnny-test-theory/42MC_YuJn1mR7vLKrPR44nzk03XY1Mm

https://www.businessinsider.com/these-sinister-theories-will-change-how-you-feel-about-childhood-cartoons-2012-5

15 Super Dark Fan Theories About Scooby Doo (ranker.com)

Johnny Test is Johnny Bravo's illegitimate son. : FanTheories (reddit.com)

[Johnny Test/Dexter's Lab] Johnny Test is a prequel to Dexter's Lab : FanTheories (reddit.com)

The Awful Truth about Dexter's Lab : FanTheories (reddit.com)

Insane Fan Theories About Saturday Morning Cartoons | Fanfare (medium.com)

Women Distrusting Women - Why It Happens

 Why do women distrust women? Why do we feel the need to spend time with men and their straightforward communication instead? Let's dive into that deep topic and look at the research. 

Courtesy of bullyingfake.blogspot.com

I need to give you background on my own experiences before we go on. I was bullied in first grade by a girl who ended up bullying our entire classroom. I'm pretty sure this girl would have bullied me earlier if the kindergarten teacher hadn't been so wonderfully vigilant. I don't remember some of my first grade year. My brain blocked it out. When I took a gender class at Malone University I got some of those memories to trigger on accident. One of those memories was this specific girl telling me I wasn't a girl. 

Fast forward through elementary school and into junior high years and I trusted practically no one, after I had been talked about behind my back. By high school, I could ignore rumors like it was an art form. Frankly, I no longer cared what anyone thought of me. This shocked some people. I'm sad to say that women seemed to be participating in more of the gossip than men, at least in my perceptions. 

Something you'll notice about me is that I have more male friends than female friends. Why? Because women have stabbed me in the back far more than men have (although I will say men can be just as destructive). It has taken into adulthood to trust other women again. If you know or were a part of any situation I have discussed above, I am not here to bash you. I hope you have grown into a beautiful human being and have a wonderful day. I am here to talk about my research into why women distrust women. In that same gender class at Malone, I found out that I am not the only one to feel this way. Let's look at what I found. 

The Research

Gender Policing

First, we need to talk about a concept called "gender policing" and no, I'm not talking about women's struggle to become police officers, though that does happen. Social groups have spoken and unspoken social rules, which include how women should and shouldn't behave. Women will ridicule those that don't fit (which I have seen with my own eyes when another classmate got invited to a party and got left in a closet crying). The classmate I just referenced also got pushed to the social fringes like a social deviant. A social deviant is someone who doesn't fit. This girl didn't fit in. I didn't fit in among other women either, but I've commonly been stuck between the social fringes and being well-liked. Put plainly, those that don't behave like the rest of the group and obey social rules will be left out of the group, and even treated badly in some cases. This is gender policing in a nutshell. Men also deal with this crapola. It just looks more aggressive in men. Many insults have to do with someone being too feminine or too masculine (usually being too masculine in the case of females). We are taught from the beginning that it is important we are liked. 

Courtesy of makeameme.org

Gender policing also pressures us into specific behaviors, such as caring more about appearances and not talking about some topics out loud. We learn how to behave from our peers and their reactions, as well as family experiences. I have always been a tomboy. I learned to care more about my appearance because of the influences around me. I am aware that when a woman doesn't dress like the rest of the group wants her to that they will try to pressure her into doing so. Many times I have felt like I was looking through a glass window at the women around me as they didn't include me. It took me until college to truly find my small tribe of female friends that will actively include me in their lives. I did find female friends here and there in my early years, but I can't say that I found a full tribe of them until my twenties. I believe that this had something to do with gender policing, which is a subconscious process oftentimes. Popularity is a major thing from the ages of elementary school to somewhat into college (though I'll say it didn't quite make as much difference in friendships by then). Not shockingly, popular people do more of the gender policing or get shielded from it because of their high social status.

Why Women Get Nasty

Some of the reason women can get nasty includes projecting their own insecurities on others. You have something they want and they can't compete? That's a reason to go after you. They are trying to tear you down to raise themselves higher. In some cases, however, it is because they can get away with it or they seriously lack social skills. Control and power still top the list of reasons why. 

Jealousy is more than enough reason to go after another woman. It is possible that many of us women have done it to each other more often than we think. It is true that we compete for male attention. In connection to being taught to be well-liked, this means that aggression is more under the table than to your face. Women everywhere can write names on the knives sticking out of their backs. If I am perceived as a threat I can be targeted by a female bully. It is all about the competition (for men or anything else). Specific women at workplaces have made people quit or get investigated by others while throwing their knives incognito. I experienced this at one point at my evening job and was lucky enough to have a boss that cared and believed that I did my job. 

This quote from the Huffpost says some of it plain as day. 

"Now fathom this: In a culture where patriarchy is still alive, endearingly belting out delusions of grandeur, thrusting a withered cane into the air from its convalescent bed, dinging the bell for the nurse, at least one crippled mythology has remained -- the story that women are not fully worthwhile unless they are amazing at everything AND beautiful in the eyes of others. For some, external beauty in the eyes of others and oneself is success in and of itself."

According to this quote we still all want to be the fairest of them all, unless of course we no longer care what society says and choose to ignore its ideals. I'm pretty sure that as an introverted hermit crab I go in the latter category, but I can't say that I don't care how I look. This quote explains why the beauty section of any store is so large. I'm sad to say it isn't wrong. Fear leads a few of us to attack others to get what they have. Another quote from Huffpost says it comically well. 

Courtesy of memecentral.org

"So when an attractive woman strolls around your workplace, if she is prettier in your eyes than you are -- or in someone else's eyes -- she might inspire your jealousy. And if you're that kind of woman, even if only for the day, you might treat her differently. She might as well be parading a better resume in front of you. Look at me, I can get a better man, a better job, a better wardrobe... a better life. In a world of squirrels, she might as well have been the squirrel who collected more nuts than you. You might even try to steal her nuts. Or tell the other squirrels how she came about those nuts in a suspicious way. Either way, this squirrel is perceived to have more resources than you, even if some of those nuts are spoiled. Then again, how would you know what kind of nuts she has? All you can see is her pile of nuts. And that's all that matters. Perhaps you should take notes from this fabulous squirrel, maybe even do laps around the tree to get that squirrel's thighs. Perhaps you should kill the fabulous squirrel. You just don't know what to do! Now imagine that you are the beautiful squirrel with the pile of nuts. Now you're getting a little anxious. Now you feel like you should give some away to diminish the danger or perhaps alternatively guard your nuts more fiercely. You just don't know what to do! But why should you give away your nuts? They didn't climb that tree to yank them from the branches. Perhaps they don't have your scampering ability. Perhaps the tree liked you better. Either way, they're your damn nuts, you shouldn't have to make excuses."

If you didn't quite get it or that quote is far too long to take in, it boils down to jealousy. 

Who Gets To Wear The Target

Ladies (and possibly gentlemen) reading this have already put together that the one with the biggest pile of acorns is usually the one getting attacked. It's like the mean girls edition of hunger games. I'm sure some people would pay to see that mash-up of films, but I would not. I have had enough drama in my life without the threat of death attached to it. 

Courtesy of hookedontinerwebs.tumblr.com

According to the list I found online from Pairedlife.com, having the most acorns can include the following:

1. Beauty    2. Brains   3. Strong work ethic                        4. social deviant   5. confidence   6. fashion sense  

7. thin body    8. strong personality   9. competitive nature  10. wealth and money

The more you have, the more targets you have on your back. If you have any of these, you have at least one. Beauty, in this case, doesn't have to be perceived by you. Should anyone see you as competition because you are pretty they might let their claws come out, even if you have no idea why those claws came out. 

How To Deal With The Claws

Is it your fault their claws came out and you didn't see it coming? No, not unless you attacked them first. Assuming those verbal claws came out of left field and you didn't stab them earlier, compliments go a long way. Being nice goes a long way.  Respect is key. When being nice doesn't make a difference, go somewhere else and avoid those knives by distancing yourself. 

Another aspect of insecurities includes your mind. Maybe keep it light on the conversational side of things until you know who you are talking to. Like minds will not fear you. Try not to be a know-it-all or boast about things and you'll be fine. Again, distance yourself if those claws don't retract. 

Courtesy of kwize.com

Gossip is something you want to steer clear of. If they talk badly about everyone else, you're next. It is safer to keep a stiff arm between you and someone who is a malicious gossip. When the gossip disappears around you, you'll know that you stepped out of a friendship circle that was toxic. 

Long story short, be respectful and kind. Flee when you find out that the knives will not stop coming. Find your tribe. Don't try to fit in where you are clearly not wanted or you'll be abused. That's called simping. It doesn't end well. 

Try not to let these women rattle you (especially dealing with adults). Don't let them see it, at the very least. Understand you can't control their behavior, but you can control yours. It is an option to walk away (as long as you don't have to work with them in the same room). As hard as this is, stand up for yourself and set those clear boundaries. Keep working. Disengage from the conversation. Workplace aggression should be reported. In the meantime, manage your stress in whatever way works for you (journaling, counseling, breathing calmly...). 

Why Women Bullying Is Different Than Men Bullying

Women bully psychologically. They go after what you have and tear you down in order to gain power over you, and sometimes control you after the fact. This is relational bullying. Cyberbullying, gossip, harassment, intimidation, ostracization, and verbal insults all come with this territory. The sad thing about women bullies is that other women may join in as a means of self-preservation in an effort to avoid the same attack. Be aware that standing up for others opens you up to these same attacks (something I learned many times over). All those nasty comments and false rumors can be unleashed on you in return. Your secrets can also be released to the entire classroom. 

In first grade I couldn't possibly communicate that I was being bullied. I learned later on about the whole classroom being bullied. I wasn't alone, but I sure thought I was. Stand up for others, blog readers. Don't stand by and let it all happen in front of you. Go get help if you don't know what to do. Report it, anonymously or not. Don't let anyone get away with tearing down and ripping apart the self-esteem of another human being. 

Most scenarios include deep insecurities, which are then suppressed by making another person miserable and worse off than the bully. Weak people and competition are the first targets. The social drama begins here. Screaming and emotional scenes, threats, making a job harder to do, creating a clique that follows only the bully's rules, and so forth may happen. Workplaces that have limited opportunities breed this because every woman is competition. Other women become collateral damage.

It requires talking to management to deal with all that. 

If you need another example take a look at the book/movie "The Help". It involves both race and female bullying as these women try to make a living in the south. The key word here is status. In most cases the bully is trying to pull herself up the ladder with no heed to who she shoves off of it. You'll notice that many movies end in the bully losing the game. This is because a lot of people have been bullied and want justice.

A Word For Parents With Daughters

Don't overreact to this situation. I know, in my mother's case, that she tried to talk to the teacher when she noticed I no longer liked school in first grade. The teacher that year was so distracted by personal problems that she didn't even see any of it happen and didn't listen to me try to tell her. Overreacting might make it worse in some cases. Be there. Just be there. Listen if they are old enough to talk to you about it. If they speak of the situation try to help them problem solve solutions. Ask questions. 

Courtesy of Pinterest

Angry? Yes, you should be. Girls are brutal. It took years (tail end of college) to trust women ever again. Some of them never grow up and keep doing this to their "friends". Believe me, you can be angry. Most of all, let your child release their emotions to you. Help them let it out. Be a sounding board. Deal with your own anger, while you are at it. Do what you need to in order to release it. 

Encourage them to find new friends and get to know more people around them. This includes teachers like my mother who will let them sit in her classroom and avoid the bullies. Encourage social life outside of the school (especially if the mob mentality has begun and she's being shunned). Give her outlets to make her social circle bigger and grow her confidence. Let her figure this out in her time, as frustrating as it is, to make sure she learns who is a friend and who isn't (with your guidance, of course).

Let the school know immediately if a property has been destroyed, there is a threat of harm, or a physical assault happens. Contact the school and law enforcement at that point. You have no choice. Be clear and specific when you describe the incident. No matter what, tell the school what is going on. Teachers can be on alert for the situation from there. Tell your daughter you are talking to the school before you do it. If she says she can handle it, let her. Should she need help and not want it known, do it discreetly. 

What schools can do is talk to specific classrooms, which will spotlight those that thought they could fly under the radar (rumor mongers hate this). If a bully is protected by someone, go higher up the food chain. Principals and school boards are good places to go if that is the case. Status may protect some community members. Wising up the head of organization by saying something may reveal more bullying in the administration.

This was a heavy topic. Here, have Mean Girls quote that had me laughing hysterically. 

Courtesy of me.me

Sources:

https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_kimmel_soc/OPS/xhtml/ch09_pg0013.xhtml

https://www.ywcawcmi.org/our-services/prevention-and-empowerment/prevention/socialnorms/gender-policing/

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/working-btches/201308/why-are-some-women-nasty-other-women#:~:text=Essentially%2C%20there%20are%20three%20main,of%20self%2Desteem%20and%20confidence.

https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-women-are-meaner-to-each-other-than-men-are-to-women-2018-03-05

https://www.drnancyoreilly.com/why-are-women-so-mean-to-other-women/

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jealousy_b_1914374

https://pairedlife.com/etiquette/Top-Ten-Things-That-Make-a-Women-Threatening-to-Other-Women

https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-to-confront-adult-mean-girls-460676

https://www.empoweringparents.com/article/girl-bullying/

https://www.publicpeople.org/what-is-female-bullying.htm

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-long-reach-childhood/201109/bullying-in-the-female-world